chapter6.1--handout

Background Information

Lake Superior (苏必利尔湖)

When he saw Dan Cody’s yacht drop anchor over the most insidious flat on Lake Superior.(当时他看见丹·科迪先生的游艇在苏必利尔湖上最险恶的沙洲上抛锚。)

B-1

苏必利尔湖(Lake Superior)是世界上面积最大的淡水湖(freshwater lake),1622年为法国殖民者所发现,湖名取自法语Supérieur(索菲莉尔),意为“上湖”。该湖为美国和加拿大共有,被加拿大的安大略省与美国的明尼苏达州(Minnesota)、威斯康星州(Wisconsin)和密歇根州(Michigan)所环绕。

B-2

湖面东西长616千米,南北最宽处257千米,湖面平均海拔180米,水面积82414㎞²,最大深度405米。湖岸线长3000千米,沿岸森林密布,北岸曲折多湖湾。苏比略湖周围的许多城镇是采矿区、加工区或是航运据点。苏比略湖崎岖的湖岸与荒野吸引观光客与冒险家,所以旅游业是苏比略湖附近人口稀少的城镇的重要产业。

Plato (柏拉图)

The truth was that Jay Gatsby of West Egg, Long Island, sprang from his Platonic conception of himself.(实际上长岛西卵的杰伊·盖茨比来自他对自己的柏拉图式的理念。)

柏拉图式的理念是说Gatsby区分了他的“真实”自我(以他的合法名字),和他的“理想”自我。“Gatsby”才是他真正想成为的人。

柏拉图(Plato),古希腊伟大的哲学家,也是全部西方哲学乃至整个西方文化最伟大的哲学家和思想家之一。

B-3

柏拉图和其老师苏格拉底(Socrates)以及学生亚里士多德(Aristotle)并称为希腊三贤。另有其创造或发展的概念包括:柏拉图思想、柏拉图主义(Platonism)、柏拉图式爱情(Platonic love)等。

B-4

柏拉图才思敏捷,研究广泛,著述颇丰。以他的名义流传下来的著作有40多篇,另有13封书信。柏拉图的主要哲学思想都是通过对话的形式记载下来的。在柏拉图的对话中,有很多是以苏格拉底之名进行的谈话,因此很难区分哪些是苏格拉底的思想,哪些是柏拉图的思想。



Vocabulary

laudable

adj. 值得赞美的(deserving praise, even if not completely successful)

原文:This was his day off and with laudable initiative he had hurried out “to see.”
这天他休息,于是就积极主动地跑出城来"看看"。

💧laudable 表示praiseworthy(worthy of praising). 它的动词原型是laud (to praise and admire), 比如:Dickens was lauded for his social and moral sensitivity.
狄更斯以其敏锐的社会和道德触觉为人称道。

ingratiate

vt. 讨好,谄媚(to try very hard to get someone’s approval)

原文:...mostly I was in New York, trotting around with Jordan and trying to ingratiate myself with her senile aunt...
大部分时间我是在纽约跟乔丹四处跑,同时极力讨她那老朽的姑妈的欢心。

💧ingratiate 由in-和-gratiate构成,-gratiate 来源于拉丁文里表示grace, favor的一个名词,所以这个单词可以理解为to put sb in others' graces or favor.(赢得别人的赞成和青睐)

💧ingratiate oneself with sb 表示“讨好,奉承某人”(flatter sb). 比如:His policy is to ingratiate himself with anyone who might be useful to him.
他的为人之道是巴结任何可能对他有用的人。



Crush Your Problems

  1. It transpired / after a confused five minutes / that the man had heard Gatsby’s name / around his office / in a connection / which he either wouldn’t reveal / or didn’t fully understand.
    在乱了五分钟之后事情才弄清楚。原来这个人在他报馆里曾经听人提到盖茨比的名字,可是为什么会提到他却不肯透露,或者他也没完全弄明白。
    💧表达精讲
    ①It transpire that... 是一个固定句型,表示“现已清楚,被人所知”;transpire还可以表示“发生”,比如:It now transpires that he kept all the money for himself.
    事实已经清楚,他把所有的钱都据为己有了。
    ②connection 表示“关系,关联”,在这里指Gatsby这个名字和人们谈论的事之间的关联。
  2. It was a random shot, / and yet the reporter’s instinct was right. / Gatsby’s notoriety, / spread about / by the hundreds / who had accepted his hospitality / and so become authorities on his past, / had increased all summer / until he fell just short of being news.
    这不过是碰碰运气,然而这位记者的直觉却是对的。千百个人在他家做过客因而成为他的经历的权威,由于他们的宣扬,盖茨比的名声在这个夏天越来越大,直到他只差一点就要成为新闻人物了。
    💧句式拆解
    ①第二个句子的主干部分是Gatsby's notoriety...had increased all summer...
    ②spread about by... 是过去分词结构作后置定语;by后面的成分是完成spread这个动作的主语,也就是the hundreds who had accepted...and so become...
    ③until he... 引导状语从句,修饰整个句子。
    💧表达精讲
    ①a random shot “一次随机的尝试”,shot常用于指“射球,投球”,在这里指“尝试”,比如一句很实用的口语表达:Give it a shot! 就相当于 Give it a try!
    ②notoriety 虽然常指“臭名昭著”,但也可以表示中性的“名声”(the state of being generally known or talked about);
    ③accept one's hospitality “接受某人的热情款待”,这里指到Gatsby家作客的人;
    ④authority 除了表示“权力”,比如:have the authority to do就是“有权做”;还可以指“当权者”,比如:the US authorities就是“美国当局”;或是“专家,权威人士”(后面一般加on sth),比如:Mr Li is a leading authority on Chinese food. 李先生是中式烹饪杰出的大师。
    这里用于讽刺那些客人只不过是曾经去过Gatsby家作客,或是道听途说了Gatsby的故事,就摆出一副对他的过去满有话语权的样子。
    ⑤fall short of 在昨天已经介绍过,回顾一下:There must have been moments even that afternoon when Daisy tumbled short of his dreams...(“Daisy没有达到Gatsby幻想里的标准”);在今天的内容里,until he fell just short of being news的语气则不同,这里指“Gatsby差一点就登报成为新闻人物了”(幸好没有)。
  3. He knew women early, / and since they spoiled him / he became contemptuous of them, / of young virgins / because they were ignorant, / of the others / because they were hysterical about things / which in his overwhelming self-absorbtion / he took for granted.
    他很早就了解女人,并且由于女人们都过分宠爱他,他倒瞧不起她们。他瞧不起年轻的处女,因为她们愚昧无知;他也瞧不起其他女人,因为她们容易对一些事情歇斯底里,而在他那势不可挡的自负的心里,那些事都是理所当然的。
    💧表达精讲
    ①spoil 表示“宠溺,过分地纵容”,这里指Gatsby年轻时就广受女人欢迎;
    ②young virgins 应该理解为“未经世事、涉世未深的女孩们”(unsophisticated),呼应后面的ignorant “愚昧无知的”(lack of knowledge or understanding);
    ③be hysterical about “对……歇斯底里的”(其实“歇斯底里”就是hysteria的谐音翻译过来的~)
    ④in his overwhelming self-absorption “在他那势不可挡的自负的心里”,这里指Gatsby对自我的极度关注和沉溺;overwhelming表示“巨大的 ,压倒性的”(extreme, great); self-absorption “自我沉醉的” (preoccupation with oneself);
    self-absorption是Gatsby自年轻就有的一个性格特征,他做一切事的目的其实都是寻求自己的开心(to bring himself pleasure). 这也暗示了他对Daisy的追求其实有相当一部分都来源于他“自恋心理”(narcissism).
  4. A universe of ineffable gaudiness / spun itself out / in his brain / while the clock ticked on the wash-stand / and the moon soaked / with wet light / his tangled clothes / upon the floor.
    一个绚丽得无法形容的宇宙展现在他脑海里,这时小钟在洗脸架上滴答滴答地响着,月亮用水一般的光浸泡着他乱七八糟扔在地上的衣服。
    💧表达精讲
    ①a universe of 表示“大量的,各种的”(a great quantity or variety of),这里巫版的翻译把universe处理为隐喻(直译为“宇宙”但暗指“庞大”),也值得参考哦~
    ②ineffable gaudiness “无法形容的绚丽”;ineffable表示“不可言喻的”(indescribable); gaudiness指“绚丽 ,俗丽”(strident color or excessive ornamentation);
    ③spin oneself out “展开,展现”;spin常见义是“旋转”,这里spin out引申为“展开”(to stretch out),指上文的a universe of ineffable gaudiness都把自己展现在Gatsby的脑海里‘’
    ④the moon soaked with wet light his tangled clothes upon the floor, soak...with... “用……浸泡”,这里把月光照在衣服上形容为“月亮用水一般的光芒浸泡地上的衣服”,非常生动哦~
  5. The transactions in Montana copper / that made him many times a millionaire / found him physically robust / but on the verge of soft-mindedness, / and, / suspecting this, / an infinite number of women / tried to separate him from his money.
    (Cody)做蒙大拿州铜的生意发了好几百万的财,结果虽然身体仍然健壮,可是脑子已经接近于糊涂。无数的女人对这个情况有所觉察,于是想方设法使他和他的钱分手。
    💧句式拆解
    ①这个句子其实就是一个用and连接的并列复合句,我们分别来看and前后两部分的内容:前半句的主谓是The transactions in Montana copper...found him..., 注意find在这里不是指“发现”,而是引出某种“结果”;that made him...是定语从句修饰the transactions;
    ②再来看and后面部分的主谓是...an infinite number of women tried to..., 前置的suspecting this是现在分词结构作原因状语,suspect在这里指“猜想,察觉”。
    💧表达精讲
    ①made him many times a millionaire 直译是“使他多次成为百万富翁”,但是这样翻译不符合平常的认知,所以可以理解为“接连赚了好几百万”;
    ②physically robust but on the verge of soft-mindedness “身体健壮但脑子已经接近于糊涂”;robust指healthy and sturdy; soft-mindedness的形容词形式soft-minded相当于更常用的soft-headed, 一般指“思路不清楚的,没有主意的”(having or indicative of a weak, unrealistic, or uncritical mind),soft可以理解为“软弱的,不凌厉的”。
  6. The none too savory ramifications / by which Ella Kaye,/ the newspaper woman, / played Madame de Maintenon to his weakness / and sent him to sea in a yacht, / were common knowledge / to the turgid sub-journalism of 1902.
    那个名叫埃拉·凯的女记者抓住他的弱点扮演了德曼特农夫人的角色,怂恿他乘上游艇去航海,她所耍的那些不太体面的手腕是1902年耸人听闻的报刊争相报道的新闻。
    💧表达精讲
    ①none too savory “不体面的,名声差的”,整个短语就相当于unsavory; none too表示“一点也不”;
    ②ramifications 通常以复数形式出现,表示“衍生后果,派生影响”(consequence, outgrowth), 而ramification本身指“分支,分叉”;
    这里翻译为“手腕/手段”有误
    ③played Madame de Maintenon to his weakness, play Madame de Maintenon指“扮演德曼特农夫人”的角色;to表示“利用……特点”,to his weakness指“利用他的弱点”,即“头脑不清楚”;
    德曼特农夫人(Madame de Maintenon),17世纪法国国土路易十四的情妇,后秘密成婚。
    ④common knowledge to the turgid sub-journalism of 1902, common knowledge指“大家都知道的事”(someting widely known); turgid原义指“肿胀的”(swollen),这里引申为“言辞华丽浮夸的”(expecially embellished in style or language);sub-journalis指“八卦报刊”,sub-在这里表示区别于主流之外的,或者是非正统的 。



Content Analysis

第6章首先通过Nick的口吻揭开了Gatsby的真实背景,包括他如何改名换姓以及跟随一个叫做Cody的拓荒大亨上了游艇,但他最后并没有得到本该属于他的遗产 。这些事迹都是很久以后Gatsby才告诉Nick的。

而之所以写在这,除了按照Nick说的是为了破除关于Gatsby的那些完全不切实际的传言(with the idea of exploding those first wild rumors about his antecedents, which weren’t even faintly true), 同时也形成了剧情上的一个小反转——第5章是梦想的第一次实现,而第6章则是戳破这个梦想里的某些幻象,提前预告了结尾的唏嘘。

💧Clue1: Gatsby is born to a humble family and poorly educated.

Evidence 1: His parents were shiftless and unsuccessful farm people — his imagination had never really accepted them as his parents at all.
他的父母是碌碌无为的庄稼人——-他的想象中根本从来没有真正承认他们是自己的父母。

Evidence 2: An instinct toward his future glory had led him, some months before, to the small Lutheran college of St. Olaf in southern Minnesota.
几个月以前,在一种追求他未来的光荣的本能的促使下,他前往明尼苏达州南部路德教的小圣奥拉夫学院。

大家是否还记得在第4章中,当Gatsby和Nick一起去纽约吃午餐的时候,他告诉Nick自己出身于贵族:“I am the son of some wealthy people in the Middle West — all dead now.” 还强调了自己是牛津大学毕业的:“I was brought up in America but educated at Oxford, because all my ancestors have been educated there for many years.”

但是这些现在都被推翻了,并且是由他自己亲口完成的。但Nick的目的不只是要揭示出Gatsby的确在谎话连篇地捏造自己的过往,而是把读者的焦点转到Gatsby做这些事情的动机上——

💧Clue 2: Gatsby builds himself on a completely glorious but unreal illusion.

Evidence 1: He was a son of God — a phrase which, if it means anything, means just that — and he must be about His Father’s business, the service of a vast, vulgar, and meretricious beauty.
他是上帝的儿子——这个称号,如果有什么意义的话,就是字面的意思——因此他必须为他的天父效命,献身于一种博大、庸俗、华而不实的美。

Gatsby最大的幻梦并不是Daisy,而是他为自己建造的一个近乎光荣和完美的身份。比如他在17岁的时候,有一年多的时间都只是在苏必利尔湖南岸奔波,要么捕鲑鱼,要么捞蛤蜊,最后只能挣得足够支付食宿的钱。

但在他的想象美化下,他把自己比作是上帝的儿子——耶稣,并且把自己这段打渔的经历形容成“为了上帝所作的工”(His Father's business),呼应耶稣在海边选召门徒并且和门徒一起“打渔”(“打渔”在基督教里的比喻含义为“布道并且传召信徒”)。

Evidence 2: For a while these reveries provided an outlet for his imagination; they were a satisfactory hint of the unreality of reality, a promise that the rock of the world was founded securely on a fairy’s wing.
有一阵子这些幻梦为他的想象力提供了一个发泄的途径:它们令人满意地暗示现实是不真实的,它们表明世界的磐石是牢牢地建立在仙女的翅膀上的。

“That the rock of the world was founded securely on a fairy's wing”说明Gatsby的世界观其实都是建立在幻想之上的,并且这种“牢固性”是基于他那种强大的、必须要有发泄途径的想象力。这里呼应了第5章结尾的内容:...but because of the colossal vitality of his illusion. It had gone beyond her, beyond everything.

这种由于自我的膨胀和幻想带来的力量究竟会产生什么样的毁灭性?作者给我们留下了悬念。



Today's Bonus

💧漂流的 drift

Then he drifted back to Lake Superior, and he was still searching for something to do on the day. (后来他东漂西荡又回到了苏必利尔湖,那天他还在找点什么活儿干的时候。)Gatsby年少时的生活并不稳定,他在四处漂泊时遇到了Dan Cody,这才短暂地稳定下来。今天我们来学习drift的习语吧~

  1. drift back
    慢慢地向某人或某事移动,尤指浮在水面上时
    例句:The tubes were all scattered across the pool, but now they're drifting back to the steps.
    管子都散落在游泳池里,但现在它们又飘回到台阶上。
    T-1
  2. get the drift of something
    理解某事的大意
    例句:I knew enough German to get the drift of this article. I don't get the drift of what you're trying to tell me.
    我懂的德语足够多,能听懂这篇文章的大意。我不明白你想告诉我什么。
  3. drift with(something)
    ①被某物(如风或水)推动时缓慢而无明确方向地移动
    例句:It's more relaxing to just let the boat drift with the waves.
    让船随波漂流更令人放松。
    ②被他人的决定或感觉所左右
    例句:When will you stop being such a follower, drifting with all of your friends' stupid ideas?
    你什么时候才会停止追随你所有朋友的愚蠢想法呢?
    T-2
  4. drift off to sleep
    逐渐入睡
    例句:I really do want to watch this movie with you, but I'm so tired that I keep drifting off to sleep.
    我很想和你们一起去看这部电影,但是我实在太累了,我几乎要睡着了。
  5. drift away
    经过一段时间的亲密之后,逐渐与某人疏远
    例句:Andrea and I never had a big fight or anything, we just drifted away from each other over the years, and now I hardly ever see her.
    Andrea 和我从来没有大吵过架什么的,我们只是多年来渐渐疏远,现在我几乎见不着她了。
    T-3
    漂流的drift的常用短语你理解了吗?可以尝试使用哦~

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