chapter8.2--handout

Background Information

“灰谷”及周边的现实原型

Wilson从灰谷步行到长岛,路过了两个地方:Port Roosevelt(“罗斯福港”)和Gad's Hill(盖德山): His movements — he was on foot all the time — were afterward traced to Port Roosevelt and then to Gad’s Hill...

Port Roosevelt和Gad's Hill其是虚构的地名,但灰谷本身以及周边的地方都有现实的原型。首先来看灰谷的所在地:

B-1

灰谷紧挨法拉盛区(Flushing), 在原文的两处地方出现过,比如当Myrtle的妹妹Catherine得知姐姐发生车祸后匆忙赶来,却没有意识到救护车已经开到法拉盛区了:...when she arrived she was stupid with liquor and unable to understand that the ambulance had already gone to Flushing.(Chapter 8.2)

以及在Gatsby的葬礼上,牧师匆忙从法拉盛赶来:A little before three the Lutheran minister arrived from Flushing...

而灰谷的所在地现在是一个公园,叫作Flushing Meadows-Corona Park(法拉盛草地公园)↓

B-2

不过在Fitzegerald写作的那个年代,这里的确就是一个堆满灰烬、垃圾和粪肥的恶臭之地(a swamp that was being filled with ashes, garbage, and manure).

B-3

还有一件有意思的轶事,Fitzegerald的一个熟识Max Gerlach就住在灰谷,而且和Mr. Wilson的形象很接近。他也是倒卖二手车的(an used-car salesman), 而且根据Fitzegerald研究学者的考证,很有可能就是他教会了Fitzegerald “old sport”这个词,所以Fitzegerald才把它用在了小说里,而且成为了Gatsby的口头禅。



Vocabulary

forlorn

adj. 渺茫的;绝望的,孤立无助的(appearing lonely and unhappy)
凄凉的(not cared for and with no people in it)

原文:This was a forlorn hope — he was almost sure that Wilson had no friend: there was not enough of him for his wife.

这是一个渺茫的希望——他几乎可以肯定威尔逊一个朋友也没有,他连自己的太太都应付不来。

💧forlorn 在这里指“难以实现的,希望渺茫的”(nearly hopeless); 还可以形容人“孤苦伶仃的”(lonely and unhappy)或是地方“荒凉的”(deserted), 比如:
Empty houses quickly take on a forlorn look.
空无一人的房屋很快就显得凄凉。

conceivably

adv. 令人信服地(being able to be believed or imagined)

原文:But conceivably Wilson had heard some of these same explanations before...
但是不难想象,这些同样的理由有一些威尔逊已经听过……

💧conceivably 表示it may be conceived that, 也就是possibly. conceive本身指“想象,设想”,相当于imagine. 比如:

Language may be conceived of as a process which arises from social interaction.
语言可以被看成是社会交流的产物。



Crush Your Problems

1、The hard brown beetles / kept thudding against the dull light, / and whenever Michaelis / heard a car go tearing along the road outside / it sounded to him / like the car / that hadn’t stopped a few hours before.

硬壳的棕色甲虫不停地往暗淡的电灯上乱撞。每次米切里斯听见一辆汽车在外面公路上疾驰而过,他总觉得听上去就像是几个小时以前那辆没停的车。

💧表达精讲
①kept thudding against the dull light “不停地往暗淡的电灯上乱撞”;thud作名词表示“砰的一声”,作动词也就是“(砰的一声)撞击”,比如:The stone thudded to the ground.
石头砰的一声砸到地上 。

另外“(心脏)怦怦直跳”也是thud这个词哦~比如:Peter was aware of his heart thudding in his chest. 彼得感觉自己的心脏在胸口怦怦直跳。

②heard a car go tearing along the road outside “听见一辆汽车在外面公路上疾驰而过”;go tearing表示“疾驰而过”,tear在这里不是“撕裂”的意思,而是指“飞奔”(to move quickly, especially in a dangerous or careless way). 比如:She tore back into the house. 她飞奔回屋内。

2、The effort of answering broke the rhythm of his rocking — for a moment he was silent.

回答问题的努力打断了他来回摇摆的节奏——他安静了一会。

💧表达精讲
①broke the rhythm of... “打断了……节奏”;rhythm除了表示“(音乐或身体)的律动”外,还可以指“(生活的)模式和节奏”,比如:Jim liked the rhythm of agricultural life.吉姆喜欢农耕生活的节奏。

②rock 在这里表示“来回摆动”(sway), 比如“摇椅”就是rocking chair.

前文提到了Mr. Wilson“坐在沙发上不停地前后摇摆”(George Wilson rocked himself back and forth on the couch inside. — Chapter 8.2)

3、The police, / on the strength of / what he said to Michaelis, / that he “had a way of finding out,” / supposed that / he spent that time / going from garage to garage thereabout, / inquiring for a yellow car.

警察根据他对米切里斯说的话,说他"有办法查出来",猜想地用那段时间在那带地方走遍各家车行,打听一辆黄色的汽车。

💧句式拆解
①这句话的主体结构是:The police...supposed that he spent that time...

②另一个需要注意的是人称的指代,“what he said to Michaelis”以及“that he ‘had a way of finding out’”中的he都是指Mr. Wilson.

💧表达精讲
on the strength of 表示“基于某事物”或“受某事物的鼓励”(because of something), strength在这里相当于basis. 比如:I bought the book on the strength of your recommendation.
由于你的推荐,我才买了这本书。

4、He must have looked up / at an unfamiliar sky / through frightening leaves / and shivered / as he found / what a grotesque thing a rose is / and how raw the sunlight was / upon the scarcely created grass.

他一定透过可怕的树叶仰视过一片陌生的天空而感到毛骨悚然,同时发觉一朵玫瑰花是多么丑恶的东西,阳光照在刚刚露头的小草上又是多么残酷。

💧表达精讲
①must have looked up “一定仰视过/抬头看过”;must have done表示对过去的肯定猜测;

②shiver 指“(因为寒冷或害怕)而颤抖”(to tremble with cold or fear), 也可以作名词,比如:A shiver ran through (= went through ) me. 我浑身一阵颤抖。

③raw 常见义是“生的,粗糙的”,这里指“粗俗的,野蛮的”(coarse, brutal).

④upon the scarcely created grass “(照在)刚刚露头的小草上”;scarcely表示“刚刚”(only a moment ago), scarcely created grass也就是newly emerging grass “嫩草”;

这句话的自然环境描写带上了消极甚至惊骇的感觉:一方面暗示了自然(一般在文学作品中作为“命运”的象征)的冷漠和残酷,另一方面也揭示了其实很多事物的意义都是人为臆造的(比如玫瑰不一定代表“浪漫和美丽”)。

5、A new world, / material without being real, / where poor ghosts, / breathing dreams like air, / drifted fortuitously about ... / like that ashen, fantastic figure / gliding toward him / through the amorphous trees.

这是一个新的世界,物质的然而并不真实。在这里可怜的幽魂,呼吸着空气般的轻梦,东飘西荡……就像那个灰蒙蒙的、古怪的人形穿过杂乱的树木悄悄地朝他走来。

💧句式拆解
①注意这个句子的主体部分没有谓语,整个句子的结构可以划为两层:首先是以a new world为中心词,material without being real作后置定语以及where引导定语从句对a new world进行修饰;

②其次是以定语从句中的ghosts为中心词,谓语是drifted, breathing dreams like air作伴随状语,like that...也是状语成分。

💧表达精讲
①a new world 在这里其实是指Gatsbt经历幻象破灭后看到的世界(和旧的那个充满美好想象的世界相区别),而poor ghosts breathing dreams like air则是暗指“幻梦留下的残影还在徘徊”;

②drifted fortuitously about “东飘西荡”;drift about指“到处飘移”(to move around); fortuitously指“无规则地,随意地”,相当于randomly.

③that ashen, fantastic figure “那个灰蒙蒙、古怪的人”;ashen指“灰色的,苍白的”,在前面的内容中出现过: A white ashen dust veiled his dark suit and his pale hair as it veiled everything in the vicinity.

可以推测这里暗指的就是Mr. Wilson, 因为紧接着就讲到汽车司机听到了枪声。

④amorphous trees “杂乱的树木”;amorphous指“没有固定形状的”(having no clear shape or structure).

6、A small gust of wind / that scarcely corrugated the surface / was enough / to disturb its accidental course / with its accidental burden.

连水面也吹不皱的一阵微风,就足以扰乱它那载着莫名重负的莫名航程。

💧表达精讲
①a small gust of wind “一阵微风”;a gust of表示“一阵”,比如gust of laughter指“一阵狂笑”;

②that scarcely corrugated the surface “连水面也吹不皱的”;corrugate指“使起皱,使成波状”;

③to disturb its accidental course with its accidental burden “扰乱它那载着莫名重负的莫名航程”;its在这里指上文提到的the laden mattress“有重负的橡皮垫子”(因为Gatsby倒在了上面);accidental表示“意外的,原因不明的”(occurring unexpectedly or by chance);

这里描绘了橡皮垫子仿佛因为微风的作用力而在水面上漂浮移动的画面。



Content Analysis

Mr. Wilson在事发后一直处于极端的精神煎熬中,他同时遭受着妻子出轨以及意外惨死的震慑和痛苦。于是他决定无论如何都要找到肇事车的车主然后实施报复,并且他还坚信肇事者就是妻子的秘密情人。但这时候的他已经完全失去了理智——

💧Clue 1: Wilson‘s killing Gatsby is irrational.

Evidence 1: “I know,” he said definitely, “I’m one of these trusting fellas and I don’t think any harm to nobody, but when I get to know a thing I know it. It was the man in that car. She ran out to speak to him and he wouldn’t stop.”

"我知道,"他肯定地说,"我是个信任别人的人,从来也不怀疑任何人有鬼,但是只要我弄明白了一件事,就不会有错的。是那辆车子里的那个男人。她跑过去想跟他说话,但是他不肯停下来。"

Wilson坚信是Mrytle的情人开着那辆车,然后把她撞死的。在他看来,这不是“事故”(accident), 而是“谋杀”(murder)——“He murdered her.” 但这纯粹只是Wilson的联想,并没有实际的证据。

Evidence 2: Standing behind him, Michaelis saw with a shock that he was looking at the eyes of Doctor T. J. Eckleburg, which had just emerged, pale and enormous, from the dissolving night.
“God sees everything,” repeated Wilson.

米切里斯站在他背后,吃惊地看到他正盯着T·J·埃克尔堡大夫的眼睛,暗淡无光,巨大无比,刚刚从消散的夜色中显现出来。
"上帝看见一切。"威尔逊又说了一遍。

Wilson并没有宗教信仰(在这一幕之前,Michaelis问过他有没有常去的教堂,但Wilson说没有),可是当他处于崩溃边缘的时候,他却仿佛在那幅Eckleburg大夫的海报上找到自己的精神支柱。他把自己的仇恨之心投射在那双眼睛上,他相信那代表着上帝的审判。

这里一再印证了Eckleburg大夫之眼在本书中作为“上帝之眼”的象征,但作者同时也揭示了在这双仿佛代表公正和公义的“上帝之眼”背后,其实早已经是道德信仰的完全败坏和沦落。而Wilson只是无数个悲剧人物中的一个——生活失去了道德中心,一举一动都只是生理欲望的驱使。所以他在仇恨、自责、内疚的交织下,最后走向痴癫。

与之完全相反的,是Gatsby中枪身亡的场景。Nick描写得非常克制平静,而且没有直接提及Gatsby的尸体如何,只是很隐晦地通过“its (the mattress) accidental burden”来暗指。但在轻描淡写之下,Nick其实也暗示了Gatsby的死远不止是一个无辜之人的意外死亡,里面有更重要的意义——

💧Clue 2: Gatsby's death is of significant meaning.

Evidence 1: If that was true he must have felt that he had lost the old warm world, paid a high price for living too long with a single dream.

如果是这样的话,他一定会觉得他已经失去了那个旧日的温暖的世界,为了抱着一个梦太久而付出了很高的代价。

Nick猜想可能Gatsby已经预感到Daisy不会来电话了。那个完全浪漫并且充满希望的世界正在幻灭,而他面临的新世界则是残酷而冰冷的(A new world, material without being real, where poor ghosts, breathing dreams like air, drifted fortuitously about).

从这个角度看,Gatsby的死反而是他个人的一种解脱:因为他不再受限在那个不切实际的幻梦里,他不需要再为了不会实现的理想而狂热、却又得不到任何回报。

Evidence 2: It was after we started with Gatsby toward the house that the gardener saw Wilson’s body a little way off in the grass, and the holocaust was complete.

我们抬起盖茨比朝着屋子里走以后,园丁才在不远的草丛里看见了威尔逊的尸体,于是这场大屠杀就结束了。

holocaust在这里是夸张(hyperbole)的说法。虽然三个人的死亡在规模上不足以称之为“大屠杀”,但它们都象征着“美国梦”的破灭和失败,Gatsby, Wilson以及Myrtle都是这一场幻梦的牺牲者。尤其Gatsby的死也是一个重要的转折点:Wilson的仇恨得到了解决,并且Wilson最终也结束了自己的生命,完成赎罪。

至此故事的矛盾已经基本全部解决,唯一剩下的悬念就是Tom, Daisy以及Jordan这一行人会在得知Gatsby的死后做出什么样的反应和行动。



Today's Bonus

💧deep的俚语表达

原文:“She’s a deep one,” said Wilson, as if that answered the question. “Ah-h-h ——”
"她这人捉摸不透。"威尔逊说,仿佛这就回答了问题。"啊--哟--哟--"

deep可以形容人“深不可测、难以捉摸的”。比如:Henry has always been a deep one. He keeps his views to himself. (亨利总是深藏不露,不会说出自己的观点。)

除此以外,deep由“深”这个含义还引申出了不少隐喻的用法~

1、Beauty is only skin deep.
外在美是肤浅的

这个表达非常的直观生动,skin deep也就是“只停留在表面”。这句话可以形容“外表美丽不代表内在也如此”(a person who looks beautiful may not have a pleasing personality).

它的来源是一位叫作Sir Thomas Overbury的诗人,他在自己的诗作《一位妻子》(“A Wife”)中写道:All the carnal beauty of my wife is but skin-deep.(我妻子的肉体美貌只是虚有其表。)

例句:My mother always used to say that beauty is only skin-deep. What’s really important is the sort of person you are.

T-1

2、In deep water(s)
陷入困境/麻烦

这里的deep water是双关,其实就是指“麻烦、困境”(in difficult or dangerous situation). 这个表达源自《圣经》(诗篇69:14): let me be delivered from them that hate me, and out of the deep waters(求你使我脱离那些恨我的人,使我出离深水)。

例句:Bill got in deep water in algebra class. The class is too difficult for him, and he's almost failing.

T-2

3、Deep down inside
内心深处

这个表达其实就相当于at the bottom of one's heart. 一般用来形容一个人的本性或是内心深处的想法是怎么样的,但要注意不能用deeply来替换哦~ 比如:She can seem stern, but deep down she’s a very kind person.(她看上去可能严厉,其实心地非常善良。)这句话不能说成but deeply she's a very kind person.

例句:I tried to put on a brave face after the breakup, but deep down inside I was in agony.

T-3

4、Deep-six
抛弃,毁掉

这个表达源自它的名词形式deep six, 表示“海葬”(burial at sea). 海葬有一定的条件要求,其中之一就是水深要达到six fathoms(六英寻,大概是10.8米).

另一种解释是deep six表示six feet(六英尺,被认为是棺木一般的深度),比如six feet under就是委婉表示“逝世入土”(dead and buried)的一种方式。

两种解释都和“死亡”相关,所以deep-six引申为动词就是to kill, 即“抛弃,处理掉”(to eliminate or to dispose of of)的意思。

例句:The studio decided to deep-six the film after its budget began getting out of hand.

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