chapter9.2--handout

Background Information

The Swastika Holding Company

The door that I pushed open, on the advice of an elevator boy, was marked “The Swastika Holding Company”...

Nick亲自来到纽约拜访Meyer Wolfsheim, 在推门而入之前就看到了门上写着公司的名称:The Swastika Holding Company.

Holding Company是指“控股公司”,也就是一个有限公司去拥有另外一个有限公司的股份。建立控股公司的目的并不是要用来运作一个生意,而只是用来持股的。比如如果你已经有一个有限公司在营运你的生意,那么设立一个Holding Company有可能为你带来延税或免税。

B-1

Swastika来自于梵文,由Su(吉祥)和Asati(有)两字合成,寓意吉祥,一般以这个符号出现:卍(音“万”)。它最早是古代印欧的宗教符号象征(an ancient Indo-European religious symbol),发源地就是乌克兰(Ukraine). 从一万多年前开始,各个宗教包括佛教、婆罗门教、耆那教都把这个作为神圣以及吉祥的标志使用(used a sacred and auspicious symbol in Hinduism, Buddhism, and Jainism and dates back at least 11,000 years).

在美国,人们一般会把这个符号和古老的异域文明联系在一起,而且将其视作“神秘主义”(mysticism)以及“预言算命”(fortune telling)的象征。Fitzegerald这样命名Wolfsheim的公司也是为了给他的人物形象增添一层神秘的背景(比如前文还描写到Wolfsheim佩戴的袖口是用真人臼齿做的:“I see you’re looking at my cuff buttons”).

The Rosary

原文:The first part of this was obviously untrue, for someone had begun to whistle “The Rosary,” tunelessly, inside.

Nick在门口听到有人在用口哨吹奏The Rosary, 于是笃定Wolfsheim就在里面。

The Rosary全称为The Holy Rosary, 即《玫瑰经》(正式名称为《圣母圣咏》),于十五世纪由圣座正式颁布,是天主教徒用于敬礼圣母玛利亚的祷文(a form of prayer used in the Catholic Church). “玫瑰经”一词来源于拉丁语“Rosarium”,意为“玫瑰花冠”或“一束玫瑰”。

B-2

此名是比喻连串的祷文如玫瑰馨香,敬献于天主与圣母身前。玫瑰经是天主教敬礼圣母的一种方式,其中也涵盖了耶稣的救恩史。

Station wagon

...and a little later four or five servants and the postman from West Egg in Gatsby’s station wagon...

坐在Gatsby的station wagon里的有四五个仆人,还有西卵的邮差。

station wagon一般译为“旅行车”,也可以叫作estate car, estate or wagon. 这种车型得名于它的用途,它最初是作为乘客往返乡间宅邸和附近火车站的通勤工具(to transport people and luggage between a country estate and the nearest train station).

第一辆station wagon是1910年在美国生产的,由专门为福特汽车制作木制底盘的独立制造商生产(by independent manufacturers producing wooden custom bodies for the Ford Model T chassis). 到了1930年代,美国、英国以及法国的汽车制造商都开始大量生产这款汽车。

B-3

但是在小型货车(minivan)和SUV(sport-utility vehicle, “运动型多用途车”)越来越普及后(increasing in popularity),大家就不怎么愿意买station wagon了。



Vocabulary

reverent

adj. 恭敬的,虔敬的(showing a lot of respect and admiration)

原文:He drew me into his office, remarking in a reverent voice that it was a sad time for all of us, and offered me a cigar.

他把我拉进他的办公室,一面用虔诚的口吻说在这种时候我们大家都很难过,一面敬我一支雪茄烟。

💧reverent 表示“(对他人)非常尊敬的,虔诚的”(showing great respect),比respectful的程度更重,比如:He gave reverent attention to the teacher.
他恭敬地听老师讲课。

resolve

vt.& vi. 决心;决定(to make a definite decision to do something)
n. 决意,决定(strong determination to achieve sth)

原文:He always had some resolves like this or something.
他总是订出一些诸如此类的决心。

💧resolve 在这里作名词表示“决心,决意”,相当于resolution. 但resolve更常见的是作动词,可以表示“解决问题”(to settle a problem), 也可以表示“下决心”,一般搭配是resolve to do sth, 比如:After the divorce she resolved never to marry again.
离婚以后,她决心永不再嫁。



Crush Your Problems

1、He was so hard up / he had to keep on wearing his uniform / because he couldn’t buy some regular clothes.

他穷得只好继续穿军服,因为他买不起便服。

💧表达精讲
①hard up “手头紧张,拮据(尤指暂时性的)”,和poor表示持续的贫困状态不同;还有另一个意思是“无所事事的,无聊的”,比如:‘You could always go out with Steve.’ ‘I'm not that hard up!’
“你总可以和史蒂夫出去玩玩吧。”“我还没无聊到那个地步呢!”

②regular clothes “便服”,regular在这里指“普通的,平常的”(ordinary, without any special or extra features).

2、“I raised him up out of nothing, right out of the gutter.”

"是我把他从零开始培养起来,从阴沟里捡起来的(从贫困里解救出来)。"

💧表达精讲
①right 表示强调,“正是,正好(在某个位置或地方)”(exactly in a particular position or place);

②out of the gutter “从贫困里解救出来”;gutter本义指“阴沟”,the gutter则引申为“社会最底层的恶劣环境”,比如:Men like him usually ended up in jail – or the gutter.

像他这样的男人,下场通常是坐牢——要不就是穷困潦倒。

3、“You may think that’s sentimental, but I mean it — to the bitter end.”

"你也许会认为这是感情用事,可是我是说到做到的——一直拼到底。"

💧表达精讲
①I mean it “我说到做到”;这句口语表达“严肃地说某事,当真”,一般不用现在进行时,比如:With children, if you say ‘no’, you have to mean it.
对待孩子,你如果说“不行”,就要说到做到。

②to the bitter end “坚持到底,拼到底”;bitter指“艰苦的”,所以这个短语表示不论多难都会坚持(continuing until the end, even though this is difficult), 比如:Employees have vowed to fight the closure to the bitter end.
雇员们誓死抗争到底,坚决抵制关闭企业。

4、Those / who went farther than Chicago / would gather in the old dim Union Station / at six o’clock of a December evening, / with a few Chicago friends, / already caught up into their own holiday gayeties, / to bid them a hasty good-by.

往比芝加哥还远的地方去的同学,往往在一个十二月黄昏六点钟聚在那座古老、幽暗的联合车站,和几个家在芝加哥的朋友匆匆话别,只见他们已经被裹挟在他们自己的节日欢娱气氛。

💧表达精讲
①farther than Chicago “到比芝加哥更远的地方”,这里指Nick和同学们在圣诞节放假的时候一起回中西部,Chicago就是中西部的一座城市,比Chicago更远也就是更往西的地方;

Union Station “联合车站”是芝加哥最大的火车站,美铁(Amtrak)和一些城郊列车都从这里始发。

②caught up in their own holiday gayeties “被裹挟在他们自己的节日欢娱气氛”;be/get caught up in一般指“卷入某事,陷入某事〔尤指坏事〕”,相当于be/get involved in. 比如:
I didn’t want to get caught up in endless petty arguments.
我可不想卷入这无休止的鸡毛蒜皮的争吵中。

③to bid them a hasty good-by “向他们匆忙告别”;bid sb goodbye “和某人告别”,除此以外还有bid sb good afternoon/good morning “向某人道午安/早安”。

5、I remember / the fur coats of the girls / returning from Miss This-or-that’s / and the chatter of frozen breath / and the hands waving overhead / as we caught sight of old acquaintances,/ and the matchings of invitations...

我记得那些从东部某某私立女校回来的女学生的皮大衣以及她们呼着寒气、牙齿打战的咯咯作响,记得我们发现熟人时挥手呼唤,记得互相比较收到的邀请……

💧表达精讲
①Miss This-or-that’s “某某私立女校”;女校的英文一般都是诸如Miss Hall's School, Miss Porter's School之类的,所以这里是泛指各个女校;

②chatter of frozen breath “呼着寒气、牙齿打战的咯咯作响”;chatter原本是拟声词,在这里指“牙齿打战发出的咯咯声”;frozen breath指“(因为寒冷)张口呵出的白气”;但是chatter of frozen breath并不是指“寒气在咯咯打战”,chatter和frozen breath的描述对象都是the girls.

③matchings of invitations “互相比较收到的邀请”;matchings可以理解为the acts of matching (comparing).



Content Analysis

自从Wolfsheim在电话里委婉地表示了自己没办法参加Gatsby的葬礼后,Nick便决定在Gatsby出殡的那一天亲自到纽约去找他。Wolfsheim的态度依然婉转但又冷淡坚决,而且他一直认为自己是Gatsby的“恩人”,自己所做的已经是仁至义尽了。Wolfsheim自始至终的回避态度可以从他的言辞表达里看出来——

💧Clue 1: Wolfsheim has never given thought to get involved in Gatsby's stuff, including his funeral.

Evidence 1: If there is anything I can do a little later let me know in a letter by Edgar. I hardly know where I am when I hear about a thing like this and am completely knocked down and out.

过一些时候如有我可以出力的事,请派埃德加送封信通知我。我听到这种事后简直不知道自己身在何处,感到天昏地暗了。

这一段是Wolfsheim早先给Nick的回信中结尾的部分,“let me know in a letter”以及说自己“completely knocked down and out”其实都是委婉拒绝的表达方式。Wolfsheim明显在刻意回避再和Gatsby的事扯上关系。

Evidence 2: “Let us learn to show our friendship for a man when he is alive and not after he is dead,” he suggested. “After that my own rule is to let everything alone.”

"咱们大家都应当学会在朋友活着的时候讲交情,而不要等到他死了之后,"他表示说,"在人死以后,我个人的原则是不管闲事。"

当Nick上门找他的时候,Wolfsheim的态度则高傲冷漠的多。他认为自己已经在Gatsby生前对他仁至义尽了:比如他一直强调是自己把Gatsby“从阴沟里拉出来”(out of the gutter), 而且Gatsby能有今天都是他一手培养出来的(“Start him! I made him”). 但不可否认的是,他也“利用”了Gatsby来给自己干非法的勾当:

Evidence 3: Right off he did some work for a client of mine up to Albany. We were so thick like that in everything.”— he held up two bulbous fingers ——” always together.”
I wondered if this partnership had included the World’s Series transaction in 1919.

他一出马就跑到奥尔巴尼(纽约州首府)去给我的一个主顾办了一件事。我们俩在一切方面都像这样亲密,"他举起了两个肥胖的指头,"永远在一起。"
我心里很纳罕,不知这种搭档是否也包括1919年世界棒球联赛那笔交易在内。

Nick明白Wolfsheim是打定主意不会参加葬礼的,于是回到了西卵。Gatsby的父亲给Nick展示了Gatsby少年的时候看的一本书,并且在书的尾页还有一张Gatsby自己制定的作息表,这也让我们看到Gatsby的确自小就大有抱负,而且意志力惊人——

💧Clue 2: The secret of Gatsby's success—resolution and diligence.

Evidence 1: “Jimmy was bound to get ahead. He always had some resolves like this or something. Do you notice what he’s got about improving his mind? He was always great for that.”

"杰米是注定了要出人头地的,他总是订出一些诸如此类的决心。你注意没有,他用什么办法提高自己的思想?他在这方面一向是了不起的。"

Gatsby在时间表里不仅列出了包括Dumbbell exercise and wall-scaling(“哑铃体操”)、Study electricity, etc.(“学习电学”)以及Practice elocution, poise and how to attain it (“练习演说、仪态”)等内容,还有各种决心,比如:No more smokeing or chewing(“不再吸烟或嚼烟”)、Be better to parents(“对父母更加体贴”)等。

可以看出Gatsby对自己设置了非常高的期待,而且他想成为的不仅是有钱人,更是德才兼备的“完人”(a well-rounded man), 也正是这一点让Nick对他充满了敬意。

※“smokeing”的写法在这里也暗示了盖茨比农家子弟的出身(smoking写成smokeing和前面Mr. Wolfsheim会把connection说成gonnegtion都是教育水平不高的一种体现)。并且这个schedule是盖茨比大约16岁的时候写的(the date September 12, 1906),在时间线上也是完全合理的,他17岁遇见Dan Cody, 改名Gatsby,开始努力向上流社会奋进。



Today's Bonus

💧Comforting death quotes to live by

今天的内容里,Gatsby的葬礼在雨中简陋地举行完毕,为整个故事的结尾留下了黯淡又哀伤的一笔。

T-1

关于死亡,鲁迅先生有一句名言:“过去的生命已经死亡。我对于这死亡有大欢喜,因为我借此知道它曾经存活。”其实除了恐惧和悲伤,死亡更多时候是让我们从另一个角度思考什么是生命。

今天的彩蛋为大家准备的是一些关于死亡的格言,它们能同时带来安慰和思考~

The reason that you call it 'grief' is because you've been programmed to believe that you should feel bad about death.
— Abraham-Hicks

你所称之为“悲痛”的情绪,只不过是你认为自己必须要因为死亡而感觉难受所产生的。

What the caterpillar calls the end of the world, the master calls a butterfly.
— Richard Bach

毛毛虫的死亡,是蝴蝶的诞生。

When I stand before God at the end of my life, I would hope that I would not have a single bit of talent left and could say, "I used everything you gave me."
— Erma Bombeck

当生命结束我站在上帝面前的时候,我希望我的才能一点都不剩下,这样我就可以说:“我用完了你给我的一切。”

Loss leaves us empty - but learn not to close your heart and mind in grief. Allow life to replenish you. When sorrow comes it seems impossible, but new joys wait to fill the void.
— Pam Brown

失去让我们感觉空虚,但不要关闭自己的心灵而沉浸在悲伤中。让生活填补你的空虚,虽然这在悲伤来临的时候似乎是不可能的,但新的喜悦其实就在等着把你的缺口填满。

Our death is not an end if we can live on in our children and the younger generation. For they are us, our bodies are only wilted leaves on the tree of life.
— Albert Einstein

如果我们的生命可以在我们的孩子和后代身上延续,那么我们的死亡就不是一个结束。他们就是我们,我们的身体只不过是生命之树上枯萎的叶子。

Our fear of death is like our fear that summer will be short. But when we have had our swing of pleasure, our fill of fruit, and our swelter of heat, we say, we have had our day.
— Ralph Waldo Emerson

我们害怕死亡,就像害怕夏天会太短暂一样。但当我们玩得尽兴了,或是尝够了鲜美的果实,以及一通酣畅淋漓后,我们就会说,这一天美满了。

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